Physical Science
Future missions to explore Saturn
By: D. Vogt
Saturn, the second-largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter but certainly the most beautiful planet because of its rich ring system, has so far been approached by four human spacecraft: Pioneer 11, the two Voyager probes, and Cassini. Unfortunately, while Cassini still has years...
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By: D. Vogt
That helium makes your voice squeaky is known to everyone who joyfully discovered this little trick while playing with helium balloons as a child. In a sense we are all, then, highly fortunate that the inert and harmless helium was discovered and manufactured in large...
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The qualities of an electromagnetic field
By: Michael Mackie
Magnetic Poles “He who controls magnets controls the universe” All magnets have a north and south pole. If the north (seeking) pole is brought close to the south (seeking) pole, they attract one another. If like poles are brought too close together, they desist...
What is a zeolite?
By: Frank Kero
Zeolites are complex and beautiful hydrated inorganic structures that can best be described as molecular sieves since they can selectively separate gases and liquids on the molecular level by virtue of inherent supramolecular cage structures. The principle chemistry of these structures finds practical application in...
Is Nibiru really hurtling towards Earth?
By: D. Vogt
Almost certainly, it is not. According to one theory, based upon a tenuous analysis of obscure ancient Sumerian texts, the ancient peoples of the Near East were aware of a planet which follows a drawn-out 3600 year orbit, passing near Earth once during that time...
Easy definitions of chemistry
By: D. Vogt
Chemistry, at its most basic, is the branch of science which studies the nature of, and changes in, physical matter - that is, chemicals. Whereas physics studies the composition of matter from the perspective of movement and energy, chemistry does so from the perspective of...
The difference between stars and planets
By: D. Vogt
The essential difference between stars and planets is that when stars formed out of the giant molecular cloud which predated their stellar system, they were large enough that their gravitational pressure forced the hydrogen at their core to begin undergoing nuclear fusion, whereas planets were...
Element facts: Titanium
By: D. Vogt
Titanium (Ti) is the 22nd element on the periodic table - meaning it has 22 protons in its atomic nucleus. Since its discovery two hundred years ago, it rested as a relatively unimportant metal until the twentieth-century realization that titanium was an exceptionally strong yet...
Element facts: Nickel
By: D. Vogt
Nickel (Ni) is the 28th chemical found on the periodic table of elements - that is to say, nickel atoms always have 28 protons in their nucleus. This grey or even silverish metal is unusual in that it is magnetic, along with just three other...
What is a constellation?
By: D. Vogt
A constellation is a pattern of stars which appear to form the outline of an image or picture in the sky. The best-known of these constellations are relatively easily located, have highly recognizable shapes, and have well-known names, like the Big Dipper (and the Little...
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