Chemistry
Every moment of every day, chemistry plays a part in all we experience. This branch of the Helium network humbly attempts to illuminate the vast array of chemical knowledge, making it accessible to all. Let our site inform, inspire, and awe you with chemical wonders.
Gas laws: Charles' law
By: Helena Whyte
Gas Laws are one of the most difficult modules for the first year chemistry student to master. Gas Laws require students to apply skills learned in Algebra class. Yet, the Gas Laws are the most relevant science subject studied in High School and at University...
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How to make a water bottle rocket
By: Brian Rose
Have you ever wanted to show you kid's something cool in the summer, and wanted to enjoy it yourself? The bottle rocket is a great way to do this. The bottle rocket is a type of small projectile that in its most basic form...
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The elementary particles
By: Dominic Clacy
The Standard Model (SM) describes the Universe in terms of six Quarks, six Leptons and interacting force carriers called Bosons. The Photon, Gluon and Z and W Bosons act as the force carriers for the Electromagnetic, Strong and Weak forces respectively. The model does...
By: Tarek Musslimani
It is interesting that sodium metal is toxic to human tissue, while sodium ions are not only unharmful to humans but also are essential for the normal functioning of the human cells. This difference between sodium metal and sodium ions is due to the extreme...
By: Tarek Musslimani
Potassium is an interesting metal like sodium. Both sodium and potassium are toxic to humans in the metallic form. However, both are essential for homeostasis in the ionic form. Potassium ions are as important as sodium ions in maintaining the resting electric potential across the...
How to make hydrochloric acid
By: Glen Brizius
Hydrochloric acid, or HCl in chemists shorthand, is commonly known as muriatic acid, which lends clues to its most ready method of production for the practicing lab-scale chemist. Muriatic is an old term, meaning concerning brine (sodium chloride). Muriatic acid is, surprisingly, commercially available...
By: Tarek Musslimani
Lithium ions differ from sodium and potassium ions in that they do not have an apparent physiological role in the body. Lithium is used however in the pharmaceutical industry to treat bipolar disorder. An example of such a drug is lithium carbonate or Li2CO3. Lithium...
By: Tarek Musslimani
Magnesium is similar to sodium and potassium in toxicity towards human tissue in that the pure metal is toxic to cells, while the ions are not only unharmful but also function as cofactor for several key enzymes in the body. This behaviour of magnesium is...
By: Tarek Musslimani
The element calcium follows the trend in properties that is seen with magnesium and sodium and potassium elements. Namely, it is toxic to mammals in its metallic form, while it is unharmful in its ionic form. Actually, calcium ion is not only unharmful but also...
By: Michelle Tuesday
Household chemicals can be incredibly hazardous. Many cleaners are either highly acidic or high caustic, meaning that they can cause immediate and painful damage to protective skin tissue, let alone the membranes inside your mouth, nose, and eyes. Other cleaners can cause long-term damage that...
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